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Watts, Norman R. M.; Coombs, David H. published an article about the compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate( cas:70539-42-3,SMILESS:O=C(ON1C(CCC1=O)=O)CCC(OCCOC(CCC(ON2C(CCC2=O)=O)=O)=O)=O ).Quality Control of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:70539-42-3) through the article.

A series of reversible chem. crosslinking experiments using the reagent ethylene glycol-bis(succinimidylsuccinate) were carried out to determine the 3-dimensional structure of the bacteriophage T4 baseplate. In a previous report, near-neighbor contacts in baseplate precursors and substructures were examined (Watts, N. R. M.; Coombs, J. 1989). Finished baseplates and tails were also examined Most of the previous contacts were confirmed, and several new contacts, including those within the central hub (gp5-gptd2, gp26-gptd), between the hub and the outer wedges (gp6-gp272), between baseplate and sheath (gp54-gp18), and between sheath and core (gp19-gp18) are reported. On the basis of this and other available information, a partial 3-dimensional model of the baseplate is proposed.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Application of 70539-42-3. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Erythropoietin has a mitogenic and positive chemotactic effect on endothelial cells. Author is Anagnostou, Athanasius; Lee, Eun Sun; Kessimian, Noubar; Levinson, Rachel; Steiner, Manfred.

A dose-dependent proliferative action of human recombinant erythropoietin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and bovine adrenal capillary endothelial cells was observed Binding studies with radioiodinated recombinant human erythropoietin revealed a large number (≈27,000) of an apparent single class of receptors with an affinity in the 10-9 M range. Linkage of the radiolabeled ligand to its receptor via a bifunctional crosslinking agent allowed identification of an endothelial cell protein of 45 kilodaltons as the principal receptor associated with this mitogenic effect of erythropoietin. Recombinant human erythropoietin also enhanced the migration of endothelial cells.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

The chemical properties of alicyclic heterocycles are similar to those of the corresponding chain compounds. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I): Proximity of the subunits of the flavoprotein and the iron-sulfur protein subcomplexes, the main research direction is complex I flavoprotein iron sulfur protein; quaternary structure NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase mitochondria.Safety of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate.

The proximities of the three subunits (51, 24, and 9 kDa) of the flavoprotein subcomplex (FP) and five subunits (75, 49, 30, 18, and 13) of the iron-sulfur protein subcomplex (IP) of the bovine NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) were investigated by crosslinking studies. The crosslinking reagents used were disuccinimidyl tartrate and ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate). The cross-linked products were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with antibodies specific for each subunit. Results showed that the three FP subunits are juxtaposed to one another, and only the 51 kDa subunit of FP is in close proximity to only the 75-kDa subunit of IP. The 75-kDa subunit cross-linked to the 30- and the 13-kDa subunits, the 49-kDa subunit cross-linked to the 30-, 18-, and 13-kDa subunits, and the 30-kDa subunit cross-linked to the 18- and the 13-kDa subunits. No cross-linked products of 75+49-, 75+18-, or 18+13-kDa subunits were detected. These results are consistent with the occurrence of potential electron carriers in FP and IP subunits. These electron carriers are FMN and one iron-sulfur cluster in the 51-kDa subunit, one iron-sulfur cluster in the 24-kDa subunit, and apparently two iron-sulfur clusters in the 75-kDa subunit.

In addition to the literature in the link below, there is a lot of literature about this compound(Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate)Safety of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, illustrating the importance and wide applicability of this compound(70539-42-3).

Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

The chemical properties of alicyclic heterocycles are similar to those of the corresponding chain compounds. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Interaction of creatine kinase and hexokinase with the mitochondrial membranes, and self-association of creatine kinase: crosslinking studies, the main research direction is mitochondria membrane creatine kinase hexokinase interaction.Recommanded Product: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate.

Covalent coupling of protein by crosslinking reagents has been used to study the interaction of mitochondrial creatine kinase (CKm) and hexokinase (HK) with the mitochondrial membranes. The effects of crosslinkers were studied either by following the inhibition of solubilization of enzymic activities or by modification of the electrophoretic patterns of proteins solubilized from mitochondria after treatment with different crosslinkers. Dimethylsuberimidate (DMS) efficiently reduced the amount of HK activity solubilized by various agents but it did not modify solubilization of CKm from mitochondria. The effect of DMS on HK solubilization did not result from nonspecific crosslinking since it did not impede the solubilization of adenylate kinase. The bissuccinimidyl class of crosslinkers was also tested. Ethyleneglycolbis(succinimidylsuccinate) (EGS) efficiently reduced HK solubilization, but it addnl. induced osmotic stabilization of mitochondria and thus impeded release of soluble or solubilized proteins from the intermembrane space. Furthermore, this agent drastically inhibited CKm activity and thus, in a second set of experiments the effect of crosslinkers were studied by the disappearance of protein bands in the electrophoretic pattern of soluble fractions obtained from mitochondria, the outer membranes of which have been ruptured to allow free release of soluble proteins. Results of these experiments showed that succinimidyl reagents and Cu2+-phenanthroline substantially reduced the amount of CKm released from mitochondria and confirmed that bisimidates were ineffective in inhibiting CKm solubilization. In addition, crosslinking reagents were used to study subunit interactions in purified CKm. The results showed, in contrast with control experiments with a monomeric protein (ovalbumin) which did not give rise to polymers, that under the same conditions, electrophoresis of crosslinked CKm resolved a set of species with mol. weights roughly equal to integral multiples of the protomer. These results prove that the polymeric form of CKm is an octamer.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Iwuoha, Emmanuel I.; Leister, Ingrid; Miland, Enda; Smyth, Malcolm R.; Fagain, Ciaran O. published an article about the compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate( cas:70539-42-3,SMILESS:O=C(ON1C(CCC1=O)=O)CCC(OCCOC(CCC(ON2C(CCC2=O)=O)=O)=O)=O ).Synthetic Route of C18H20N2O12. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:70539-42-3) through the article.

Amperometric organic- and aqueous-phase peroxide biosensors were prepared with native and N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS)-modified horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The ε-amino functions of the six free lysine residues of HRP were selectively modified with homobifunctional suberic acid bis(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (SA-NHS) or ethylene glycol bis(succinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (EG-NHS). The biosensors were based on electrostatic complexation of the HRP variants with an osmium bis(bipyridyl)poly(4-vinylpyridine) polymer. The enzyme electrodes were operated in both aqueous (0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) and organic (90% CH3CN) phases, for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and Me isothiocyanate. Kinetic anal. of the steady-state amperometry data showed that chem. modification of HRP about up to a ∼5-fold enhancement of the biosensor sensitivity for H2O2 and an improvement in both sensor stability and organotolerance. Also, NHS modification of HRP results in a 3-fold extension of the range of linear response of the peroxide sensor in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. When used as a Me isothiocyanate sensor in the organic phase, the amperometric responses of the biosensors were doubled on changing from native HRP to NHS-HRP electrodes.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Degradable Cationic Shell Cross-Linked Knedel-like Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Degradation, Nucleic Acid Binding, and in Vitro Evaluation, published in 2013-04-08, which mentions a compound: 70539-42-3, mainly applied to biodegradable cationic shell crosslinking knedel nanoparticle nucleic acid, Application In Synthesis of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate.

In this work, degradable cationic shell crosslinked knedel-like (deg-cSCK) nanoparticles were developed as an alternative platform to replace similar nondegradable cSCK nanoparticles that have been utilized for nucleic acids delivery. An amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(acrylamidoethylamine)90-block-poly(DL-lactide)40 (PAEA90-b-PDLLA40) was synthesized, self-assembled in aqueous solution, and shell crosslinked using a hydrolyzable crosslinker to afford deg-cSCKs with an average core diameter of 45 ± 7 nm. These nanoparticles were fluorescently labeled for in vitro tracking. The enzymic- and hydrolytic-degradability, siRNA binding affinity, cell uptake and cytotoxicity of the deg-cSCKs were evaluated. Esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nanoparticles resulted in the degradation of ca. 24% of the PDLLA core into lactic acid within 5 d, as opposed to only ca. 9% degradation from aqueous solutions of the deg-cSCK nanoparticles in the absence of enzyme. Cellular uptake of deg-cSCKs was efficient, while exhibiting low cytotoxicity with LD50 values of ca. 90 and 30 μg/mL in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and MLE 12 cell lines, resp., ca. 5- to 6-fold lower than the cytotoxicity observed for nondegradable cSCK analogs. Addnl., deg-cSCKs were able to complex siRNA at an N/P ratio as low as 2, and were efficiently able to facilitate cellular uptake of the complexed nucleic acids.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Name: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate. So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Biophysical characterization of recombinant proteins expressing the leucine zipper-like domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane protein gp41.

Envelope oligomerization is thought to serve crucial functions during the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We recently reported that virus entry requires coiled-coil formation of the leucine zipper-like domain of the HIV-1 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein gp41. To determine the oligomeric state mediated by this region of the envelope, we have expressed the zipper motif as a fusion partner with the monomeric maltose-binding protein of Escherichia coli. The biophys. properties of this protein were characterized by velocity and equilibrium sedimentation, size exclusion chromatog., light scattering, and chem. crosslinking analyses. Results indicate that the leucine zipper sequence from HIV-1 is capable of multimerizing much larger and otherwise monomeric proteins into extremely stable tetramers. Recombinant proteins containing an alanine or a serine substitution at a critical isoleucine residue within the zipper region were also generated and similarly analyzed. The alanine- and serine-substituted proteins behaved as tetrameric and monomeric species, resp., consistent with the influence of these same substitutions on the helical coiled-coil structure of synthetic peptide models. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the fusogenic gp41 structure involves tetramerization of the leucine zipper domain which is situated ∼30 residues from the N-terminal fusion peptide sequence.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 70539-42-3, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(ON1C(CCC1=O)=O)CCC(OCCOC(CCC(ON2C(CCC2=O)=O)=O)=O)=O, Molecular C18H20N2O12Journal, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic called Chemical modification and immobilisation of lipase B from Candida antarctica onto mesoporous silicates, Author is Forde, Jessica; Vakurov, Alex; Gibson, Tim D.; Millner, Paul; Whelehan, Micheal; Marison, Ian W.; O’Fagain, Ciaran, the main research direction is immobilization lipase mesoporous silicate.Category: benzofurans.

The chem. modification and immobilization of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB) onto three different types of mesoporous silicate (MPS) were undertaken. Soluble CalB was modified by two bifunctional reagents, ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) (EGNHS) and glutaraldehyde, and by the monofunctional citraconic anhydride. Both chem. modified and untreated enzyme were then immobilized onto SBA-15-, CNS- and MCM-type MPS by adsorption. Thermal stabilities of chem. modified CalB in solution and of the immobilized preparations were evaluated and compared. Citraconic anhydride dramatically reduced the stability of CalB whereas both bifunctionals yielded an eightfold increase in stability over the native free CalB at 70 °C. Following immobilization of the EGNHS-treated preparation onto CNS-MPS, the stability gain increased to over 60-fold and this combination proved to be the most effective stabilization strategy. CalB also showed a preference for MPS with larger pores, namely SBA-15. Immobilization of CalB in alginate beads was also stabilizing.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

COA of Formula: C18H20N2O12. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Reoxidation of the class I disulfides of the rat adipocyte insulin receptor is dependent upon the presence of insulin: the class I disulfide of the insulin receptor is extracellular. Author is Chiacchia, Kenneth B..

Elements of the quaternary structure of the native and dithiothreitol (DTT)-reduced rat adipocyte insulin receptor were elucidated by vectorial probing and subunit crosslinking. The charged reducing agents glutathione and β-mercaptoethylamine were used to reduce the class I disulfides of the receptor in intact adipocytes, demonstrating the extracellular location of the disulfide directly. This interpretation was confirmed by use of DTT as a reducing agent and the nonpermeant SH-blocking reagent Thiolyte MQ to prevent the reoxidation of the class I SH groups which occurred when they were not blocked. The above reoxidation of the receptor was dependent on the concentration of insulin in the nanomolar range, not occurring measurably at 4° in its absence. Crosslinking studies with ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) demonstrated that the α-subunits could not be crosslinked to each other after reduction of the class I disulfides, suggesting that the interaction between the receptor heterodimers may be due primarily to the disulfide bonds.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Synthetic Route of C18H20N2O12. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Permanent suppression of phase separation cataract in calf lens using amine modification agents. Author is Siezen, Roland J.; Coppin, Christophe M.; Benedek, George B..

Low-temperature-induced opacification (cold cataract) of the nucleus of young mammalian lenses was associated with a phase separation of proteins in the lens cell cytoplasm. Calf lenses were treated with a variety of imidoesters and N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, which react specifically with amino groups. Many potent inhibitors of phase-separation cataract were identified which lower the opacification temperature by ≥6°. Lenses generally remained clear, colorless and soft. Furthermore, suppression of the cold-cataract temperature was permanent upon removal of excess reagent.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem