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Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 70539-42-3, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(ON1C(CCC1=O)=O)CCC(OCCOC(CCC(ON2C(CCC2=O)=O)=O)=O)=O, Molecular C18H20N2O12Journal, Article, Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S., Protein Science called Structural analysis of the multienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex: a three-domain model based on reversible chemical crosslinking, Author is Norcum, Mona T.; Warrington, J. Anthony, the main research direction is aminoacyl tRNA synthetase protein conformation interaction.Electric Literature of C18H20N2O12.

A subset of eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (a-RS) are contained in a multienzyme complex for which little structural detail is known. Three reversible chem. crosslinking reagents have been used to investigate the arrangement of polypeptides within this particle as isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. Identification of the crosslinked protein pairs was accomplished by two-dimensional SDS diagonal gel electrophoresis. Seventeen neighboring protein pairs have been identified. Eight are seen with at least two reagents: K-RS:p38, D-RS:K-RS, R-RS dimer, K-RS dimer, K-RS:Q-RS, E/P-RS:K-RS, E/P-RS:I-RS, and Q-RS with one of the nonsynthetase proteins. Nine more are observed with one reagent: D-RS dimer, R-RS:p43, D-RS:Q-RS, D-RS:M-RS, K-RS:L-RS, I-RS:R-RS, D-RS:E/P-RS, I-RS:Q-RS, I-RS:L-RS. One trimeric association is seen: E/P-RS:I-RS:L-RS. The observed neighboring protein pairs suggest that the polypeptides within the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex are distributed in three structural domains of similar mass. These can be arranged in a U-shaped particle in which each “”arm”” is considered a domain and the third forms the “”base”” of the structure. The arms have been termed domain I (D-RS, M-RS, Q-RS) and domain II (K-RS, R-RS), with domain III (E/P-RS, I-RS, L-RS) assigned to the base. The smaller proteins (p38, p43) may bridge the domains. This proposed spatial relationship of these domains, as well as their compositions, are consistent with earlier studies. Thus, this study provides an initial three-dimensional working model of the arrangement of polypeptides within the multienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex.

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The three-dimensional configuration of the ester heterocycle is basically the same as that of the carbocycle. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate(SMILESS: O=C(ON1C(CCC1=O)=O)CCC(OCCOC(CCC(ON2C(CCC2=O)=O)=O)=O)=O,cas:70539-42-3) is researched.Recommanded Product: 591-12-8. The article 《Subunit structure of the nonactivated human estrogen receptor》 in relation to this compound, is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Let’s take a look at the latest research on this compound (cas:70539-42-3).

The nonactivated estrogen receptor of human MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells was investigated with respect to stoichiometry of protein subunits. The native receptor complex stabilized by molybdate had a mol. mass of ≈300 kDa. Chem. crosslinking with several bifunctional reagents resulted in complete stabilization of the same receptor form of ≈300 kDa and was achieved both in cell extracts and in intact cells. Incubation of the cross-linked receptor with a receptor-specific monoclonal IgG1 antibody increased the mol. mass by ≈135 kDa-i.e., no more than one Ig mol. bound to the complex. Partial and progressive crosslinking of affinity-labeled receptors revealed patterns of labeled bands upon denaturing gel electrophoresis indicative of a heteromeric structure. The completely cross-linked receptor was purified to homogeneity and analyzed for protein components. In addition to the receptor polypeptide of ≈65 kDa, the authors detected the heat shock proteins hsp90 and p59; the hsp90 band was roughly twice as intense as the p59 band. The heat shock protein hsp70 and the 40-kDa cyclophilin were not detected as components of the highly purified cross-linked receptor of ≈300 kDa. The authors suggest a heterotetrameric structure consisting of one receptor polypeptide, two hsp90 mols., and one p59 subunit, for which the mol. mass adds up to ≈300 kDa. Thus, the nonactivated estrogen receptor has a mol. architecture homologous to those of glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors, even though phylogenetically the estrogen receptor gene forms a distinct subgroup within the gene family of nuclear hormone receptors.

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Name: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about α-Conotoxins, small peptide probes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Author is Myers, Richard A.; Zafaralla, Glenn C.; Gray, William R.; Abbott, Jeff; Cruz, Lourdes J.; Olivera, Baldomero M..

α-Conotoxins, a family of small peptides from the venoms of the Conus marine molluscs, are selective, snake α-neurotoxin-competitive antagonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. A new α-conotoxin, SIA, has been purified, sequenced, and synthesized. Crosslinking with bivalent reagents and photoaffinity labeling of the acetylcholine receptor with α-conotoxin yield covalent adducts. Surprisingly, crosslinking to other subunits is considerably more efficient than to the α subunit. The relative efficiency of photoactivatable crosslinking to different subunits of the receptor is a function of placement of the photoactivatable group on the toxin. Since the structures of α-conotoxins can be solved by 2D NMR (Pardi, A. et al., 1989 and Kobayashi, Y. et al., 1989) this family of toxins should provide a set of new ligands for probing the acetylcholine receptor with considerable precision.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Braden, A.; Roner, M.; Ganter, J.; Nelson, K. researched the compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate( cas:70539-42-3 ).Related Products of 70539-42-3.They published the article 《Transport of biologically active molecules to intracellular environments utilizing a lyzosomally cleavable random block copolymer of polyethylenimine》 about this compound( cas:70539-42-3 ) in Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. Keywords: polyethylenimine genetic vector transfection ethylene glycol bis succinimidyl succinate. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:70539-42-3).

The use of cationic polymers for the delivery of DNA to mammalian cells has generated significant interest due to the intrinsic properties associated with these delivery vector systems. One particular system utilizing polyethylenimine (PEI) has been rigorously investigated. A major drawback associated with PEI is the cytotoxicity of the vector/delivery system. In an effort to combat this adverse side effect we have synthesized a novel random block copolymer based upon low mol. weight PEI. Here we report the grafting of EGS (ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate)), to a low mol. weight PEI. Upon cellular transfection, introduction of two carboxylester bonds from the bioconjugation process are cleavable within the lytic pathways of the cell. We confirm the successful grafting of this agent through FTIR and C-13 NMR. Mol. weight determination of the grafted copolymer was performed through HPLC-SEC and light scattering experiments This polymer retains the ability to deliver GFP encoding plasmid DNA to 3T3 fibroblasts. Transfection levels were found to be approx. 90%. Transfection of T7 RNA dependent DNA polymerase was also performed utilizing our copolymer. We find successful activation of a virally introduced RNA transcript.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
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Baskin, Leonard S.; Yang, Chung S. published an article about the compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate( cas:70539-42-3,SMILESS:O=C(ON1C(CCC1=O)=O)CCC(OCCOC(CCC(ON2C(CCC2=O)=O)=O)=O)=O ).Name: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:70539-42-3) through the article.

Crosslinking studies were carried out to investigate the structural organization of monooxygenase enzymes. Liver microsomal cytochrome P 450 (P-450) and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were purified from phenobarbital-treated rats. When purified P-450 or reductase was reacted with 2 mM dimethylsuberimidate for 1 min, the predominant crosslinked species were the dimer and trimer of P-450 and the dimer of the reductase as analyzed by Na dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Crosslinking P-450 with 2 mM di-Me 3,3′-dithiobis(propionimidate) for 1 min gave a gel electrophoresis pattern of monomer through octamer of P-450. Reductase crosslinked under the same conditions gave a monomer through tetramer band pattern. Gel filtration experiments indicated that the purified P-450 existed in protein micelles corresponding to a decamer. The results were attributed to crosslinking within the protein micelle. When a mixture of P-450 and reductase was crosslinked with 2 mM di-Me 3,3′-dithiobis(propionimidate) for 1 min, a mixed dimer of P-450 and reductase was the predominant crosslinked product in addition to the dimers of P-450 and reductase. Similar results were also obtained in crosslinking studies with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) and ethylene glycolyl bis(succinimidyl succinate). The addition of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine did not alter significantly the crosslinking pattern. The results provide evidence for the formation of a complex between P-450 and reductase under the exptl. conditions.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Product Details of 70539-42-3. The fused heterocycle is formed by combining a benzene ring with a single heterocycle, or two or more single heterocycles. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Mechanism of the microtubule GTPase reaction. Author is Caplow, Michael; Shanks, John.

The rate of GTP hydrolysis by microtubules has been measured at tubulin subunit concentrations where microtubules undergo net disassembly. This was made possible by using microtubules stabilized against disassembly by reaction with ethylene glycol bis(succinimidylsuccinate) (EGS) as sites for the addition of tubulin-GTP subunits. The tubulin subunit concentration was 25-90% of the steady state concentration, and there was no net elongation of stabilized microtubule seeds. The GTPase rate with EGS microtubules was linearly proportional to the tubulin-GTP subunit concentration when this concentration was varied by dilution and by using GDP to compete with GTP for the tubulin E-site. The linear dependence of the rate is consistent with a GTP mechanism in which hydrolysis is coupled to the tubulin-GTP subunit addition to microtubule ends. It is inconsistent with reaction schemes in which: microtubules are capped by a single tubulin-GTP subunit, which hydrolyzes GTP when a tubulin-GTP subunit adds to the end; hydrolysis occurs primarily in subunits at the interface of a tubulin-GTP cap and the tubulin-GDP microtubule core; hydrolysis is not coupled to subunit addition and occurs randomly in subunits in a tubulin-GTP cap. It was also found that GDP inhibition of the microtubule GTPase rate results from GDP competition for GTP at the tubulin subunit E-site. There is no addnl. effect of GDP on the GTPase rate resulting from exchange into tubulin subunits at microtubule ends.

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The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Dynamic properties of nucleated microtubules: GTP utilisation in the subcritical concentration regime.》. Authors are Symmons, M F; Martin, S R; Bayley, P M.The article about the compound:Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinatecas:70539-42-3,SMILESS:O=C(ON1C(CCC1=O)=O)CCC(OCCOC(CCC(ON2C(CCC2=O)=O)=O)=O)=O).Safety of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:70539-42-3) is conveyed.

Microtubule assembly kinetics have been studied quantitatively under solution conditions supporting microtubule dynamic instability. Purified GTP-tubulin (Tu-GTP) and covalently cross-linked short microtubule seeds (EGS-seeds; Koshland et al. (1988) Nature 331, 499) were used with and without biotinylation. Under sub-critical concentration conditions ([Tu-GTP] < 5.3 microM), significant microtubule growth of limited length was observed on a proportion of the EGS-seeds by immuno-electron microscopy. A sensitive fluorescence assay for microtubule GDP production was developed for parallel assessment of GTP utilisation. This revealed a correlation between the detected microtubule growth and the production of tubulin-GDP, deriving from the shortening phase of the dynamic microtubules. This correlation was confirmed by the action of nocodazole, a specific inhibitor of microtubule assembly, that was found to abolish the GDP release. The variation of the GDP release with tubulin concentration (Jh(c) plot) was determined below the critical concentration (Cc). The GDP production observed was consistent with the elongation of the observed seeded microtubules with an apparent rate constant of 1.5 x 10(6) M-1 second-1 above a threshold of approximately 1 microM tubulin. The form of this Jh(c) plot for elongation below Cc is reproduced by the Lateral Cap model for microtubule dynamic instability adapted for seeded assembly. The behaviour of the system is contrasted with that previously studied in the absence of detectable microtubule elongation (Caplow and Shanks (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 8935-8941). The approach provides a means of monitoring microtubule dynamics at concentrations inaccessible to optical microscopy, and shows that essentially the same dynamic mechanisms apply at all concentrations. Numerical simulation of the subcritical concentration regime shows dynamic growth features applicable to the initiation of microtubule growth in vivo. When you point to this article, it is believed that you are also very interested in this compound(70539-42-3)Safety of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate and due to space limitations, I can only present the most important information.

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Application In Synthesis of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Collagen Stiffness and Architecture Regulate Fibrotic Gene Expression in Engineered Adipose Tissue. Author is Di Caprio, Nikolas; Bellas, Evangelia.

Adipose tissue (AT) has a dynamic extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding adipocytes that allows for remodeling during metabolic fluctuations. During the progression of obesity, AT has increased ECM deposition, stiffening, and remodeling, resulting in a pro-fibrotic dysfunctional state. Here, the incorporation of ethylene glycol-bis-succinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PEGDS) allows for control over 3D collagen hydrogel stiffness and architecture to investigate its influence on adipocyte metabolic and fibrotic function. Upon stiffening and altering ECM architecture, adipocytes did not alter their expression of key adipokines, leptin, and adiponectin. However, they do increase actin cytoskeletal fiber formation, pro-fibrotic gene expression, ECM deposition, and remodeling within a stiffer, 3D collagen hydrogel. For example, COL6A3 gene expression is upregulated approx. twofold, resulting in increased deposition of pericellular collagen VI alpha 3 surrounding adipocytes. Furthermore, inhibition of actin contractility results in a reversal of pro-fibrotic gene expression and ECM deposition, indicating that adipocytes are mediating mech. cues through actin cytoskeletal networks. This study demonstrates that ECM stiffness and architecture plays a critical regulatory role in adipocyte fibrotic function and contributes to the overall pro-fibrotic dysfunctional state of AT during the progression of obesity and AT fibrosis.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Argpyrimidine-tagged rutin-encapsulated biocompatible (ethylene glycol dimers) nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation for targeted drug delivery.Application In Synthesis of Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate.

Diabetes mellitus represents a major metabolic disorder affecting millions of people all over the world. Currently available therapeutic treatments are not good enough to control the long-term complications of diabetes. Active targeting via inclusion of a specific ligand on the nanoparticles provides effective therapeutic approach in different diseases. However, such specific drug delivery systems have not been explored much in diabetes due to lack of suitable biol. targets in this disorder. Our objective is to synthesize a ligand-tagged drug-loaded nanoparticle for delivery of the drug at specific sites to enhance its therapeutic efficiency in diabetic condition. The nanoparticles have been prepared by using biocompatible ethylene glycol-bis (succinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) dimers. Although advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the root causes of diabetic complications, argpyrimidine, an AGE, possesses antioxidant and reducing activities. AGE interacts selectively with its cell surface receptors (RAGE), which are significantly increased in diabetic condition. We have selected RAGE as the target of argpyrimidine, which is tagged on the nanoparticles as a ligand. Rutin, having anti-hyperglycemic and anti-glycating activities, has been used for nanoencapsulation. Rutin-loaded argpyrimidine-tagged nanoparticles have been synthesized and characterized. We have demonstrated the drug releasing capacity and target specificity of the synthesized drug delivery system under ex vivo and in vivo conditions.

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Reference:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Application of 70539-42-3. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) O,O’-ethane-1,2-diyl disuccinate, is researched, Molecular C18H20N2O12, CAS is 70539-42-3, about Shell-crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles induce lower immunotoxicity than their non-crosslinked analogs. Author is Elsabahy, Mahmoud; Samarajeewa, Sandani; Raymond, Jeffery E.; Clark, Corrie; Wooley, Karen L..

The development of stable nanoparticles that can withstand the changing conditions experienced in a biol. setting and also be of low toxicity and immunogenicity is of particular importance to address the problems associated with currently utilized nanotechnol.-based therapeutics and diagnostics. The use of crosslinked nanoparticles continues to receive special impetus, due to their robust structure and high kinetic stability, and they have recently been shown to induce lower cytotoxicity than their non-crosslinked micellar counterparts. In the current study, poly(acrylamidoethylamine)-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (PAEA90-b-PDLLA40) copolymers were synthesized, self-assembled in water to yield nanoscopic polymeric micelles, and the effects of decorating the micellar surface with poly(ethylene glycol) (i.e. PEGylation) and crosslinking the PAEA layer to varying extents on the physicochem. characteristics, cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of the nanoparticles were studied. Herein, we report for the first time that crosslinking can efficiently reduce the immunotoxicity of polymeric nanomaterials. In addition, increasing the degree of crosslinking further reduced the accessibility of biomols. to the core of the nanoparticles and decreased their cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. It is also highlighted that crosslinking can be more efficient than PEGylation in reducing the immunotoxicity of nanomaterials. Shell-crosslinking of block copolymer micelles, therefore, is expected to advance their clin. development beyond the earlier known effects, and to broaden the implications in the field of nanomedicine.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem