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Putative kappa opioid heteromers as targets for developing analgesics free of adverse effects
It is now generally recognized that upon activation by an agonist, beta-arrestin associates with G protein-coupled receptors and acts as a scaffold in creating a diverse signaling network that could lead to adverse effects. As an approach to reducing side effects associated with kappa opioid agonists, a series of beta-naltrexamides 3-10 was synthesized in an effort to selectively target putative kappa opioid heteromers without recruiting beta-arrestin upon activation. The most potent derivative 3 (INTA) strongly activated KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers in HEK293 cells. In vivo studies revealed 3 to produce potent antinociception, which, when taken together with antagonism data, was consistent with the activation of both heteromers. 3 was devoid of tolerance, dependence, and showed no aversive effect in the conditioned place preference assay. As immunofluorescence studies indicated no recruitment of beta-arrestin2 to membranes in coexpressed KOR-DOR cells, this study suggests that targeting of specific putative heteromers has the potential to identify leads for analgesics devoid of adverse effects.
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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H1867O – PubChem