Day: February 22, 2023

Rifaximin or Saccharomyces boulardii in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Results from the randomized GutHeart trial was written by Awoyemi, Ayodeji;Mayerhofer, Cristiane;Felix, Alex S.;Hov, Johannes R.;Moscavitch, Samuel D.;Lappegaard, Knut Tore;Hovland, Anders;Halvorsen, Sigrun;Halvorsen, Bente;Gregersen, Ida;Svardal, Asbjoern;Berge, Rolf K.;Hansen, Simen H.;Gotz, Alexandra;Holm, Kristian;Aukrust, Paal;Aakra, Sissel;Seljeflot, Ingebjoerg;Solheim, Svein;Lorenzo, Andrea;Gullestad, Lars;Troeseid, Marius;Broch, Kaspar. And the article was included in EBioMedicine in 2021.Computed Properties of C43H51N3O11 This article mentions the following:

The gut microbiota represents a potential treatment target in heart failure (HF) through microbial metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and systemic inflammation. Treatment with the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii have been suggested to improve left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). In a multicentre, prospective randomized open label, blinded end-point trial, we randomized patients with LVEF <40% and New York Heart Association functional class II or III, despite optimal medical therapy, to treatment (1:1:1) with the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, the antibiotic rifaximin, or standard of care (SoC) only. The primary endpoint, the baseline-adjusted LVEF at three months, was assessed in an intention-to-treat anal. We enrolled a total of 151 patients. After three months treatment, the LVEF did not differ significantly between the SoC arm and the rifaximin arm (mean difference was -1•2 percentage points; 95% CI -3•2 – 0•7; p=0•22) or between the SoC arm and the Saccharomyces boulardii arm (mean difference -0•2 percentage points; 95% CI -2•2 – 1•9; p=0•87). We observed no significant between-group differences in changes in microbiota diversity, TMAO, or C-reactive protein. Three months treatment with Saccharomyces boulardii or rifaximin on top of SoC had no significant effect on LVEF, microbiota diversity, or the measured biomarkers in our population with HF. The trial was funded by the Norwegian Association for Public Health, the Blix foundation, Stein Erik Hagens Foundation for Clin. Heart Research, Ada og Hagbart Waages humanitaere og veldedige stiftelse, Alfasigma, and Biocodex. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2S,16Z,18E,20S,21S,22R,23R,24R,25S,26R,27S,28E)-25-(Acetyloxy)-5,6,21,23-tetrahydroxy-27-methoxy-2,4,11,16,20,22,24,26-octamethyl-2,7-(epoxypentadeca[1,11,13]trienimino)benzofuro[4,5-e]pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole-1,15(2H)-dione (cas: 80621-81-4Computed Properties of C43H51N3O11).

(2S,16Z,18E,20S,21S,22R,23R,24R,25S,26R,27S,28E)-25-(Acetyloxy)-5,6,21,23-tetrahydroxy-27-methoxy-2,4,11,16,20,22,24,26-octamethyl-2,7-(epoxypentadeca[1,11,13]trienimino)benzofuro[4,5-e]pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole-1,15(2H)-dione (cas: 80621-81-4) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofurans are only weakly aromatic in nature and they are cleaved by many oxidative and reductive conditions. Benzofurans are stable towards alkali and readily polymerize on treatment with sulfuric acid, due to which they are useful for the preparation of low cost chemically relatively inert resins.Computed Properties of C43H51N3O11

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with autoimmune hepatitis was written by Nanga, Tom M.;Woillard, Jean-Baptiste;Rousseau, Annick;Marquet, Pierre;Premaud, Aurelie. And the article was included in British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology in 2022.Computed Properties of C17H20O6 This article mentions the following:

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is the most widely used second-line agent in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Individual dose adjustment of MMF may avoid adverse outcomes while maximizing efficacy. The aim of the present study was to develop population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models and maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimators (MAP-BEs) to estimate mycophenolic acid interdose area under the curve in AIH patients administered MMF using nonlinear mixed effect modeling. We analyzed 50 mycophenolic acid PK profiles from 34 different patients, together with some demog., clin., and laboratory test data. The median number of plasma samples per profile, immediately preceding and following the morning MMF dose, was 7. PopPK modeling was performed using parametric, top-down, nonlinear mixed effect modeling with NONMEM 7.3. MAP-BEs were developed based on the best popPK model and the best limited sampling strategy selected among several. The pharmacokinetic data were best described by a 2-compartment model, Erlang distribution to describe the absorption phase, and a proportional error. The mean (relative standard error) of popPK parameter estimates of clearance, intercompartmental clearance, central volume and absorption rate with the final model were: 21.6 L h-1 (11%), 22.7 L h-1 (19%), 35.9 L (21%) and 8.7 h-1 (9%), resp. The peripheral volume was fixed to 300 L. The best MAP-BE relied on the limited sampling strategy at 0.33, 1 and 3 h after MMF dose administration and was very accurate (bias = 5.6%) and precise (root mean squared prediction error <20%). The precise and accurate Bayesian estimator developed in this study for AIH patients on MMF can be used to improve the therapeutic management of these patients. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-6-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoic acid (cas: 24280-93-1Computed Properties of C17H20O6).

(E)-6-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoic acid (cas: 24280-93-1) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofuran is the “”parent”” of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several plants. Benzofurans have also made significant and distinctive contributions to biology. They exhibit several biological activities that range from antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory.Computed Properties of C17H20O6

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Mast1 mediates radiation-induced gastric injury via the P38 MAPK pathway was written by Ding, Wenping;Lu, Yuanyuan;Zhou, Aibin;Chen, Yihong;Wang, Zhaoxia;Wang, Limei;Tian, Ye. And the article was included in Experimental Cell Research in 2021.Name: 2,2′,2”,2”’-(((3′,6′-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-2′,7′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(azanetriyl))tetraacetic acid This article mentions the following:

Radiation-induced gastric injury is a serious adverse effect and reduces the efficacy of radiotherapy treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced stomach injury remain unclear. Here, mouse stomach and gastric epithelial cells were irradiated with different doses of X-ray radiation. The results showed that radiation induced gastric injury in vivo and in vitro. Differentially expressed functional mRNAs in irradiation-induced gastric tissues were screened from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We found that the expression of microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase 1 (Mast1) was downregulated in mouse gastric tissues and gastric epithelial cells after irradiation Furthermore, functional assays showed that knockdown of Mast1 inhibited growth and promoted apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells, while overexpression of Mast1 protected gastric epithelial cells from radiation damage. Mechanistically, Mast1 neg. regulated radiation-induced injury in gastric epithelial cells by inhibiting the activation of P38. The apoptosis caused by knockdown of Mast1 in gastric epithelial cells could be partially reversed by the P38 inhibitor SB203580. Moreover, data from several gastric cancer cell lines and online databases revealed that Mast1 was not involved in the development of gastric cancer. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that Mast1 is essential for radiation-induced gastric injury, providing a promising prognostic and therapeutic target. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′,2”,2”’-(((3′,6′-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-2′,7′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(azanetriyl))tetraacetic acid (cas: 1461-15-0Name: 2,2′,2”,2”’-(((3′,6′-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-2′,7′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(azanetriyl))tetraacetic acid).

2,2′,2”,2”’-(((3′,6′-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-2′,7′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(azanetriyl))tetraacetic acid (cas: 1461-15-0) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofuran derivatives are one of the most important oxygen-containing heterocycles. Benzofurans have also made significant and distinctive contributions to biology. They exhibit several biological activities that range from antioxidant, antitubercular, antiplasmodial, insecticidal.Name: 2,2′,2”,2”’-(((3′,6′-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-2′,7′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(azanetriyl))tetraacetic acid

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Green catalytic pyrolysis: an eco-friendly route for the production of fuels and chemicals by blending oil industry wastes and waste furniture wood was written by Gift, M. D. Mohan;Verma, Savita;Prasad, Kalapala;Kathiresan, K.;Prasad, Rohi;Logeswaran, T.;Ghotekar, Suresh;Thao, D. V.;Lalvani, J. Isaac Joshua Ramesh. And the article was included in Journal of Nanomaterials in 2022.Product Details of 496-16-2 This article mentions the following:

Lignocellulosic biomass is converted into liquid products through pyrolysis, which can be used as an alternative fuel for heating applications and industrial chems. Pyrolysis liquid is a mixture of many oxygenated fractions which deteriorates its burning properties. Through specific bond cleavage reactions like deoxygenation, cracking, and decarbonylation, catalysts in the pyrolysis process can be used to improve the quality of pyrolysis liquid In this study, biochar produced by carbonization of printed circuit boards was used for catalytic reforming processes to produce energy-rich liquids and chems. from a mixture of karanja seed oil cake and waste furniture wood. The catalytic process was performed by changing the reactor temperature from 300°C to 700°C at 50°C intervals. The results showed a maximum liquid oil recovery of 53.9 wt% at 500°C. Compared to the noncatalytic reaction, pyrolysis of biomass with biochar recovered 11.59% more liquid This study demonstrated a viable technique to recover more liquid products and industrial chems. by employing sustainable catalysts from e-waste. The phys. anal. of the liquid showed that the liquid can be used as a fuel for boilers and furnaces. The chem. characterization through gas chromatog.-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) showed the presence of various chem. elements used for medicinal and industrial applications. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furan (cas: 496-16-2Product Details of 496-16-2).

2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furan (cas: 496-16-2) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofuran is the “”parent”” of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several plants. Introduction of benzofurans in organic synthesis, particularly drug synthesis, involves generally the use of their metalated species as nucleophiles in addition reactions or in metal-catalysed cross-coupling reactions.Product Details of 496-16-2

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Rhodium-Catalyzed Benzylic Addition Reactions of Alkylarenes to Michael Acceptors was written by Li, Yuntong;Wu, Wen-Qiang;Zhu, Hui;Kang, Qi-Kai;Xu, Lun;Shi, Hang. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2022.Name: 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furan This article mentions the following:

Herein, Rh-catalyzed benzylic addition of alkylarenes to Michael acceptors for the formation of C(sp³)-C(sp³) bonds was reported. The catalyst was proposed to activate the aromatic ring via η⁶-coordination, dramatically facilitating deprotonation of the unactivated benzylic C-H bond and addition of the resulting carbanion to the α,β-unsaturated double bond in the absence of bases. Notably, this byproduct-free method provided an access to all-carbon quaternary centers through the development of ligands. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furan (cas: 496-16-2Name: 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furan).

2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furan (cas: 496-16-2) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofuran is the “”parent”” of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several plants. Benzofurans are stable towards alkali and readily polymerize on treatment with sulfuric acid, due to which they are useful for the preparation of low cost chemically relatively inert resins.Name: 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furan

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

A novel synthesis of benzofuran and related compounds. I. The Vilsmeier reaction of phenoxyacetonitriles was written by Hirota, Takashi;Fujita, Hiroko;Sasaki, Kenji;Namba, Tetsuto;Hayakawa, Shohei. And the article was included in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry in 1986.Synthetic Route of C10H8O4 This article mentions the following:

Vilsmeier reaction of phenoxyacetonitriles I (R, R¹ = H, MeO; MeO, MeO; H, EtO; H, NEt₂) was described. E.g., reaction of I (R, R¹ = MeO, MeO), DMF, and POCl₃ at molar ratio of 1:1.2:3.6 at 70° for 3 h gave 61% benzofuran II and 8.5% 4-formyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxyacetonitrile. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methoxybenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (cas: 50551-61-6Synthetic Route of C10H8O4).

6-Methoxybenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (cas: 50551-61-6) belongs to benzofurans derivatives.Benzofuran is one of the most significant oxygen-containing heterocycles consisting of fused benzene and furan ring, which are widely presented in various naturally occurring and synthetically active compounds. As benzofurans are prone to undergo ring opening of the heterocycle, examples of reduction of this type of aromatics by using dissolving metals are rather scarce.Synthetic Route of C10H8O4

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Cloud point extraction coupled with derivative of carbofuran as a preconcentration step prior to HPLC was written by Chen, Jian-bo;Zhao, Wei-jun;Liu, Wei;Zhou, Zhi-ming;Yang, Ming-min. And the article was included in Food Chemistry in 2009.Name: 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-ol This article mentions the following:

Carbofuran can be hydrolyzed to from 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol (BF). BF is coupled with 4-aminoantipyrine (AP) in presence of potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆) to generate red colored derivative(BFAP)having λmax 530 nm. Cloud point extraction (CPE) methodol. and using surfactant Triton X-100 as extractant was applied as a preconcentration step prior to HPLC, the surfactant-rich phase containing BFAP was then analyzed by HPLC in visible region. The high back ground absorbance of Triton X-100 in UV region was completely avoided. A new visible detection method with high-performance liquid chromatog. (HPLC) has been developed for the determination of carbofuran. Using this method, we found that carbofuran residues could be determined with recoveries ranging from 80.4% to 84.5%, relative standard deviations in the range of 2.51-3.26% for three fortified rice levels, and the limit of detection as 5.0 × 10^-4 cJ/cK. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-ol (cas: 1563-38-8Name: 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-ol).

2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-ol (cas: 1563-38-8) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofuran derivatives are one of the most important oxygen-containing heterocycles. Benzofurans have also made significant and distinctive contributions to biology. They exhibit several biological activities that range from antioxidant, antitubercular, antiplasmodial, insecticidal.Name: 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-ol

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Controlled intracellular self-assembly of gadolinium nanoparticles as smart molecular MR contrast agents was written by Cao, Chun-Yan;Shen, Ying-Ying;Wang, Jian-Dong;Li, Li;Liang, Gao-Lin. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2013.Electric Literature of C19H30N4O5S This article mentions the following:

Herein we developed a new “smart” Gd-based MR contrast agent (i.e., 1) which is susceptive to furin, a protease overexpressed in tumor. Under the action of furin, 1 condenses to form dimers (1-Ds) and the latter self-assemble into gadolinium nanparticles (Gd-NPs). Relaxivity of 1-D is more than 2 folds of those of 1 and magnevist at 1.5 T, and 1.4 folds of that of 1 at 3 T. Intracellular condensation of 1 in furin-overexpressed MDA-MB-468 cells was proven with direct two-photon laser microscopy (TPLM) fluorescence imaging of the cells incubated with the europium analog of 1 (i.e., 2). Intracellular Gd-NPs of 1 were uncovered and characterized for the first time. MRI of MDA-MB-468 tumors showed that 1 has enhanced MR contrast within the tumors than that of its scrambled control 1-Scr. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, H-Arg(Pbf)-OH (cas: 200115-86-2Electric Literature of C19H30N4O5S).

H-Arg(Pbf)-OH (cas: 200115-86-2) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofurans are compounds with a planar structure having 10 pi electrons that include the lone pair on oxygen atom, which makes it more susceptible to electrophilic attack. In nature, benzofurans have occupied an important role among the plant phenols & several pharmacologically active compounds.Electric Literature of C19H30N4O5S

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Anti-inflammatory activity of caffeic acid derivatives isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was written by Choi, Hyun Gyu;Tran, Phuong Thao;Lee, Jeong-Hyung;Min, Byung Sun;Kim, Jeong Ah. And the article was included in Archives of Pharmacal Research in 2018.Name: (R)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl (2S,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-((E)-3-(((R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)oxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylate This article mentions the following:

Ten caffeic acid derivatives (1-10) were isolated from the roots of S. miltiorrhiza by using various chromatog. methods and their chem. structures were spectroscopically elucidated. The absolute configurations of chiral centers were determined by comparison with reported coupling constants, optical rotation values, and CD techniques. Anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition assays, and by determining the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Two new caffeic acid derivatives, 8-epiblechnic acid 9-Me ester (4) and 8-epiblechnic acid 9′-Me ester (5), and 8 known derivatives, caffeic acid Me ester (1), shimobashiric acid B (2), rosmarinic acid Me ester (3), salvianolic acid C (6), Me salvianolate C (7), lithospermic acid monomethyl ester (8), lithospermic acid di-Me ester (9), and di-Me lithospermate B (10), were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of S. miltiorrhiza. All caffeic acid derivatives were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on NO production Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited NO production with IC₅₀ values of 1.4 and 0.6 μM, resp. These compounds also strongly inhibited the production of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, compound 3 induced the expression HO-1 in a concentration-dependent manner at 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 μM. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl (2S,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-((E)-3-(((R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)oxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylate (cas: 875313-64-7Name: (R)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl (2S,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-((E)-3-(((R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)oxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylate).

(R)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl (2S,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-((E)-3-(((R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)oxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylate (cas: 875313-64-7) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofurans are compounds with a planar structure having 10 pi electrons that include the lone pair on oxygen atom, which makes it more susceptible to electrophilic attack. As benzofurans are prone to undergo ring opening of the heterocycle, examples of reduction of this type of aromatics by using dissolving metals are rather scarce.Name: (R)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl (2S,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-((E)-3-(((R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)oxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylate

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem

Allergen-specific T-cell response in patients with phenytoin hypersensitivity; simultaneous analysis of proliferation and cytokine production by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution assay was written by Tsuge, Ikuya;Okumura, Akihisa;Kondo, Yasuto;Itomi, Seiko;Kakami, Michiko;Kawamura, Makiko;Nakajima, Yoichi;Komatsubara, Ryo;Urisu, Atsuo. And the article was included in Allergology International in 2007.Application In Synthesis of 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-5-carboxylate This article mentions the following:

Background: Phenytoin can induce diversified adverse reactions including generalized eruptions and the hypersensitivity syndrome. Delayed-type allergic mechanisms have been postulated to underlie these reactions. The tests most widely used to detect T-cell sensitization to drugs are the patch test and the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), but their sensitivity is not sufficient. Simultaneous assessment of both the frequencies and the cytokine-producing phenotypes of allergen-specific T cells has become possible with the recently introduced carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assay. Methods: Seven patients who presented with phenytoin-induced maculopapular exanthema with and without fever were included in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were labeled with CFSE and cultured with phenytoin for seven days. The cells were stained with anti-CD4 and cytokine-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), and analyzed with FACSCalibur. Results: The phenytoin-specific proliferation of CD4⁺ cells in patients was significantly higher than in the four controls exposed to phenytoin, and in seven healthy children with no previous phenytoin intake. A significant difference in the percentages of CD4⁺ IFN-γ⁺ cells between patients and the seven healthy children was observed The sensitivity and specificity of proliferation were 100% and 90.9%, and those of IFN-γ secretion were 71.4% and 100%, resp. Conclusions: Phenytoin-specific proliferation may be detected with greater sensitivity by the CFSE dilution assay than the conventional LTT. The assay revealed that both CD4⁺ and CD4^– T cells proliferated and produced IFN-γ and TNF-α after stimulation with phenytoin. The CFSE dilution assay might be useful for the diagnosis and understanding of drug hypersensitivity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-5-carboxylate (cas: 92557-80-7Application In Synthesis of 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-5-carboxylate).

2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-5-carboxylate (cas: 92557-80-7) belongs to benzofurans derivatives. Benzofuran is the “”parent”” of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several plants. As benzofurans are prone to undergo ring opening of the heterocycle, examples of reduction of this type of aromatics by using dissolving metals are rather scarce.Application In Synthesis of 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-5-carboxylate

Referemce:
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H6O – PubChem