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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most lethal and prevalent malignancies in the world and was responsible for nearly 881,000 cancer-related deaths in 2018. Surgery and chemotherapy have long been the first choices for cancer patients. However, the prognosis of CRC has never been satisfying, especially for patients with metastatic lesions. Targeted therapy is a new optional approach that has successfully prolonged overall survival for CRC patients. Following successes with the anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) agent cetuximab and the anti-angiogenesis agent bevacizumab, new agents blocking different critical pathways as well as immune checkpoints are emerging at an unprecedented rate. Guidelines worldwide are currently updating the recommended targeted drugs on the basis of the increasing number of high-quality clinical trials. This review provides an overview of existing CRC-targeted agents and their underlying mechanisms, as well as a discussion of their limitations and future trends.

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Reference：
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3984O – PubChem

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A method for predicting the likelihood a mammal will respond therapeutically to a method of treating cancer comprising administering a VEGFR-2 modulator or a dual VEGFR-2 / FGFR-1 modulator wherein the method comprises: (a) measuring in the mammal the level of FGF2; (b) either comparing the level of FGF2 in the sample relative to a standard to permit assignment of the sample to either being a member of an FGF2 positive class or an FGF2 negative class, or comparing the level of FGF2 in the sample relative to a standard, wherein assignment of the mammal to the FGF2 positive sample class or a determination that the mammal has an elevated level of FGF2, indicates an increased likelihood the patient will respond therapeutically to the cancer treatment. Methods of predicting whether a mammal has received an efficacious dose of a VEGFR-2 modulator or a dual VEGFR-2 / FGFR-1 modulator is also disclosed, in addition to kits comprising these methods.

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Reference：
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3972O – PubChem

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Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer, with recent advances in the management of unresectable metastatic lesions. The aim of this review is to discuss the remaining options for heavily pretreated patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. Beyond second-line treatment, two epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, cetuximab and panitumumab, have a demonstrated clinical interest in patients with KRAS wild-type tumours. However, few data exist in patients pretreated with an anti-EFGR and who are being rechallenged with anti-EGFR drugs. Reintroduction of chemotherapy should be considered. In September 2012, regorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor was approved by the US Federal Drug Administration for patients refractory to other standard treatments. In the case of metastases limited to the liver, transarterial chemoembolization, hepatic artery infusion and radioembolization could also be discussed in selected patients. With the multiplication of therapeutic options in first-line, second-line treatment, and beyond, the concept of subsequent lines of chemotherapy should be replaced by a multiline strategy, dependent on the patient and on tumour biology. A better understanding of the tumour biology and predictive factors for the response to these therapies is needed, and further strategic trials are urgently warranted.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
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Brivanib [(R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[ 1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol, BMS-540215] is a potent and selective dual inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways. Its alanine prodrug, brivanib alaninate [(1R,2S)-2-aminopropionic acid 2-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5- methylpyrrolo[2,1- f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy]-1-methylethyl ester, BMS-582664], is currently under development as an oral agent for the treatment of cancer. This study describes the in vivo biotransformation of brivanib after a single oral dose of [14C]brivanib alaninate to intact rats, bile duct-cannulated (BDC) rats, intact monkeys, BDC monkeys, and humans. Fecal excretion was the primary route of elimination of drug-derived radioactivity in animals and humans. In BDC rats and monkeys, the majority of radioactivity was excreted in bile. Brivanib alaninate was rapidly and completely converted via hydrolysis to brivanib in vivo. The area under the curve from zero to infinity of brivanib accounted for 14.2 to 54.3% of circulating radioactivity in plasma in animals and humans, suggesting that metabolites contributed significantly to the total drug-related radioactivity. In plasma from animals and humans, brivanib was a prominent circulating component. All the metabolites that humans were exposed to were also present in toxicological species. On the basis of metabolite exposure and activity against VEGF and FGF receptors of the prominent human circulating metabolites, only brivanib is expected to contribute to the pharmacological effects in humans. Unchanged brivanib was not detected in urine or bile samples, suggesting that metabolic clearance was the primary route of elimination. The primary metabolic pathways were oxidative and conjugative metabolism of brivanib. Copyright

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Reference：
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3956O – PubChem

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Prodrugs offer a versatile strategy to overcome flaws of viable drug candidates or clinically approved drugs. However, the strategic importance of prodrugs in the pharmaceutical industry has often been challenged, and prodrugs are often considered as the last option after lead optimization and when the selected drug candidate has faced significant pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic limitations. Based on recent success in marketed drugs, prodrug strategy should clearly be considered already in early stages of lead optimization. During the past five years or so, prodrugs have accounted for about 10% of all small molecular weight drugs that have come to the market. In 2015 alone, the FDA approved seven prodrugs, which gives a prodrug prevalence of over 20% among the small molecules or over 15% among the total amount of the FDA approved drugs that year. A great number of various prodrugs are also undergoing late stage clinical trials. The pharmaceutical industry will therefore continue to depend on prodrugs for the foreseeable future. In this review, we will present the state of the art in the design of the prodrugs launched by the FDA since 2015. We will also provide an overview of some interesting late stage clinical prodrug candidates. We hope this review will demonstrate potential of prodrug strategies and facilitates the use of prodrugs in drug discovery projects.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3978O – PubChem

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Modern drug product development is expected to follow quality-by-design (QbD) paradigm. At the same time, although there are several issue-specific examples in the literature that demonstrate the application of QbD principles, a holistic demonstration of the application of QbD principles to drug product development and control strategy, is lacking. This article provides an integrated case study on the systematic application of QbD to product development and demonstrates the implementation of QbD concepts in the different aspects of product and process design for brivanib alaninate film-coated tablets. Using a risk-based approach, the strategy for development entailed identification of product critical quality attributes (CQAs), assessment of risks to the CQAs, and performing experiments to understand and mitigate identified risks. Quality risk assessments and design of experiments were performed to understand the quality of the input raw materials required for a robust formulation and the impact of manufacturing process parameters on CQAs. In addition to the material property and process parameter controls, the proposed control strategy includes use of process analytical technology and conventional analytical tests to control in-process material attributes and ensure quality of the final product.

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Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
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Several ongoing clinical studies are designed to test the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapies in the adjuvant setting, where the goal is to increase the cure rate in patients who have just undergone surgical resection of all visible disease. Tumors depend on angiogenesis to support their growth and progression and blockade of this process has proven to be a valid strategy for treating multiple types of advanced metastatic cancer. However, results from the first of these clinical adjuvant studies were disappointing, stimulating extensive debate as to the potential of this approach. It will require additional clinical studies before we realize whether the effects of angiogenic blockade are durable, and if they are able to cure a subset of patients with early stage cancer.

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Reference：
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3948O – PubChem

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Until no far past, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was considered as an ?orphan? disease in terms of effective molecules when compared with other highly prevalent cancers worldwide. Recently, HCC -a tumor renowned to be refractory to systemic chemotherapy- has attracted wide interest as a result of improved understanding of its molecular biology and pathogenesis. HCC is a well-vascularized tumor in which angiogenesis is strongly implicated for aggressiveness and dissemination and targeted drugs (mainly angiogenesis inhibitors) have been tested to block neovessels and various signaling pathways involved in this disease. This approach has been successful, at least for sorafenib -an antiangiogenic and multikinase inhibitoracross 2 large international randomized phase III trials confirming the efficacy and safety of this compound as validated option in patients with advanced-stage HCC. Approval of sorafenib as the new standard care for advanced HCC raised the interest to investigate plethora of drugs in this pathology and in different setting including earlier stages, and as adjuvant therapy. Currently, several small molecules and antiangiogenic agents are investigated in preclinical and clinical studies with disparate outcomes, with the hope to identify new efficient therapies, thereby opening new prospects but also raising several unmet needs. This review develops the rational for using these emerging drugs in treatment algorithm of HCC, and highlights the strength and limits of novel compounds with focus on specific challenges for their clinical development.

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Reference：
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3949O – PubChem

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A series of amino acid prodrugs of NVR3-778, a potent anti-HBV candidate currently under phase II clinical trial, were designed and synthesized as new anti-HBV agents. Except for 1e, all of them displayed roughly comparable anti-HBV activity (IC50, 0.28?0.56 muM) to NVR3-778 (IC50, 0.26 muM). Compound 1a, a L-valine ester prodrug of NVR3-778, was found to show significantly improved water solubility (0.7 mg/mL, pH 2) as we expected, and lower cytotoxicity (CC50 > 10 muM) than NVR3-778 (CC50, 4.81 muM). Moreover, 1a also exhibited acceptable PK properties and comparable in vivo efficacy in HBV DNA hydrodynamic mouse model to that of NVR3-778, suggesting it may serve as a promising lead compound for further anti-HBV drug discovery.

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Reference：
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3968O – PubChem

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The prodrug approach to resolving formulation, delivery, and toxicity limitations on problematic drugs has had its proponents and detractors. Over the last 10 years or so, about 20% of all new small molecule NCEs have been prodrugs-a number that will surprise some. As chemists begin to explore new chemical spaces, larger and more complex molecules present greater drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs provide a means of solving these challenges, but also have their limitations. Prodrugs are becoming an integral part of the drug discovery paradigm in some large pharma companies, and a number of small biotech companies have been built around the design and application of prodrugs to improve drug candidates. Some issues facing the area of prodrug research and the commercialization of prodrugs are discussed.

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Reference：
Benzofuran – Wikipedia,
Benzofuran | C8H3982O – PubChem